Two methods for determining the presence of indented writing are used. They are side lighting, in which a light source is passed over the sheet of paper at an oblique angle, and the electrostatic detection apparatus (ESDA), an instrument that renders indented writing visible and provides a record of the writing.

What two methods are used to identify Obliterations indentations?

Detecting alterations, obliterations, erasures and page substitutions ― Alterations, obliterations and erasures not visible to the human eye can often be detected through use of photography and other imaging devices that utilize ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths of light.

What is an indented writing?

Writing that is transferred by the pressure of the writing instrument (pen, pencil, and so on) to the paper or other material that is beneath it. Indented writing is often undetectable to the naked eye and as such can be overlooked by a criminal.

How do you see indented writing?

2 Uncovering Hidden Messages Using the “Rubbing Technique” If a pencil is unavailable a lightly held crayon or pen will suffice. Third, using a light touch, rub the writing implement lightly across the paper. The shading from the lead will reveal the indentations making it possible to read the message.

What is indented writing How is it analyzed?

Indented writing, or second page writing, is an imprint that may be left on the underlying pages when the top sheet of paper is written upon. … Experts are trained to uncover indented writings that may have been added after the fact, altered or missing from an original document.

What are the techniques in typewriting identification?

Individual characteristics of typewriters can identify a particular machine used for a given document in question. These characteristics include type face defects, platen size and platen defects, lateral or vertical misalignment, and the uniformity of ribbon characteristics and pressure on the keys.

What are the methods of alteration in forgery?

Alterations include erasures, charring, indented writing, additional markings, as well as obliterations, while obliterations are the overwriting of text with another substance.

What methods can be used to develop indented writing?

Indented writing is normally recovered by one of two methods: either photographically using oblique (glancing) light or by use of an apparatus commonly referred to as ESDA, short for Electro-static Detection Apparatus.

What is a common method used to identify indented writings?

An electrostatic detection device, EDD or ESDA, is a specialized piece of equipment commonly used in questioned document examination to reveal indentations or impressions in paper that may otherwise go unnoticed.

What is the simplest method for revealing indented writing?

The use of light being held at oblique angles towards a document is one of the simpler methods of examining indented writing.

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What is indentation and its types?

Left Line Indent Indents all the lines of the paragraph a specified distance from the left margin. Right Line Indent Indents all the lines of the paragraph a specific distance from the right margin. Hanging Indent Indents all the lines of the paragraph a specific distance from the left margin except the first line.

What is indentation in questioned document?

Although commonly overlooked, indented writing may be of significant value in resolving questioned document issues. As the term implies, indented writing is the non-visible indentations or images applied to a sheet of paper positioned below the page actually written upon.

How do you indent something?

To indent the first line of a paragraph, put your cursor at the beginning of the paragraph and press the tab key. When you press Enter to start the next paragraph, its first line will be indented.

What methods can be used to develop indented writing impressions on paper?

Indented writing is normally recovered by one of two methods: either photographically using oblique (glancing) light or by use of an apparatus commonly referred to as ESDA, short for Electro-static Detection Apparatus.

What are the two phases of handwriting analysis?

6. Handwriting Handwriting analysis involves two phases: 1. The hardware—ink, paper, pens, pencils, typewriter, printers, photocopies 2. Visual examination of the writing Investigations include verification; authentication; characterizing papers, pigments, and inks.

What are the techniques that can be used in examining questioned papers?

Instruments used in the questioned document section include: Video Spectral Comparator (VSC), Electrostatic Detection Apparatus (ESDA), Stereo-Microscope, Spectrophotometer, and Fingerprint Live Scanner etc.

How can indented writings help to learn the contents of a document?

Documents in a suspect’s possession may also reveal clues from hidden impression evidence (also known as indented writing) that could link a suspect to a crime.

What is alteration of document?

Alteration − A modification made to a document by physical, chemical or mechanical means. … Document − Any material that contains marks, symbols, or signs—visible, partially visible, or invisible—that may convey a meaning or message.

What is alteration example?

The definition of an alteration is a revision. Remodeling a house is an example of an alteration.

Which of the following methods used in the analysis of ink may be described as destructive?

The main method of destructive testing of ink is known as thin layer chromatography (TLC). In reality, it is not very destructive to the document if done with care. However, a photographic record of the original document is taken before the procedure is started.

What are the different types of typewriters?

• Standard Typewriter.
• Portable Typewriter.
• Noiseless Typewriter.
• Electric Typewriter.
• Variable Typewriter.
• Automatic Typewriter.
• Electronic Typewriter.
• Typewriter with Additional Attachments.

What is landmarks of typewriting identification?

The principles underlying the identification of typewriting are controlled by the mathematical rules of probability as applied to independent events. g. Peculiar habits of striking the typewriter keys, spacing, arrangement, punctuation, incorrect character usage, mistakes, corrections, etc.

What are the 2 types of exemplars forensic document examiners use to compare two Questioned Documents?

Summary. Exemplars are known handwriting samples used for comparison with questioned documents. There are two types of exemplars, formal and informal.

What instrument is used to detect indentations in writings?

ESDA stands for Electrostatic Detection Apparatus. This instrument is used to produce a permanent ‘lift’ from paper which provides a visual map of indented impressions in that paper.

What is one method used to recover writing from charred documents?

Describe two methods used to recover writing from charred documents. Infrared photography is sometimes successfully used to reveal the contents of a charred document that has been accidentally or purposely charred.

What are three types of forgeries?

• Archaeological forgery.
• Art forgery.
• Black propaganda — false information and material that purports to be from a source on one side of a conflict, but is actually from the opposing side.
• Counterfeiting. …
• False documents.
• Forgery as covert operation.
• Identity document forgery. …
• Literary forgery.

What methods are used to compare ink samples?

Such approaches include high- performance liquid chromatography, infrared spectroscopy (IR), capillary electrophoresis, and TLC. Research has shown that TLC is a particularly useful method for analyzing inks.

Can the subconscious handwriting of 2 individuals be the same?

The unconscious handwriting of two individuals can never be identical. When writing a requested document, suspects should be shown the questioned document. In a normal hand forgery the individual does not attempt to copy the victims signature or writing.

Is a non destructive technique to analyze indented writing using charge sensitive toners?

Electrostatic Detection Apparatus is a non-destructive technique that creates an invisible electrostatic image of indented writing and made visible by the application of charge sensitive toners.

How do I collect a charred document?

The documents should be picked with the utmost care by placing hard paper underneath the charred documents. A stiff sheet of paper is stuffed underneath the charred documents in the fireplace and then gently pulled over to keep it on stiff cardboard.

What is a charred document?

 A document that has become blackened and brittle by burning or exposure to excessive heat is classified as charred document. [6]  Accidentally burnt documents or those intentionally destroyed are referred to the forensic laboratories for restoration and decipherment of writings on them.